Drought is a naturally occurring climate phenomenon that significantly affects human and environmental activity, and can be considered one of the most widespread and destructive natural disasters.

Sparse early-stage data limits accurate geological risk assessment, increasing the chance of undetected hazards ahead of the TBM. By integrating borehole-derived information through an observation ...

Discrete-time hidden Markov models are a broadly useful class of latent variable models with applications in areas such as speech recognition, bioinformatics, and climate data analysis. It is common ...

This paper proposes a hidden state Markov model (HMM) that incorporates workers’ unobserved labor market attachment into the analysis of labor market dynamics. Unlike previous literature, which ...