Dynamical systems and population models constitute a cornerstone of modern ecological theory, offering a framework to understand how species interact and evolve over time. In particular, systems such ...

Dynamic equations and time scale analysis offer a unifying framework for the study of systems evolving over time, whether in continuous, discrete, or hybrid settings. By integrating differential and ...

This paper examines discrete-time systems, which are sometimes used to explain nonlinear natural phenomena in the sciences. Specifically, we investigate the boundedness, oscillation, stability, and ...