B cells were first characterized in the 1960s and early 1970s, when Max Cooper and Robert Good showed that surgical removal of the bursa of Fabricius (a primary immune organ in birds) rendered ...

A eukaryote is any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. Eukaryotic cells form the foundation of complex, multicellular life, including apple trees, mushrooms, fish and humans.

Exhaustion is something cancer immunologists have been focused on with T cells -- immune cells that destroy pathogens, such as cancer. But Ruffin was one of the first to observe this exhaustion in ...